{"id":21213,"date":"2019-09-03T15:46:21","date_gmt":"2019-09-03T19:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cifar661.wpengine.com\/cifarnews\/2019\/09\/03\/chirurgie-sans-cicatrices\/"},"modified":"2020-12-21T11:32:14","modified_gmt":"2020-12-21T16:32:14","slug":"chirurgie-sans-cicatrices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2019\/09\/03\/chirurgie-sans-cicatrices\/","title":{"rendered":"Chirurgie sans cicatrices?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Un nouvel instrument incroyable permet une chirurgie sans cicatrices et promet des perc\u00e9es consid\u00e9rables dans la gu\u00e9rison des plaies et le biodiagnostic aux fins de navigation chirurgicale<\/p>\n

R.J. Dwayne Miller travaille \u2014\u00a0tr\u00e8s litt\u00e9ralement \u2014\u00a0\u00e0 la fine pointe de l\u2019innovation scientifique.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 l\u2019Institut Max-Planck \u00e0 Hambourg, en Allemagne, le physicochimiste de renom et boursier du CIFAR pilote une \u00e9quipe qui perfectionne un laser chirurgical extraordinaire. Alors que la formation de tissu cicatriciel est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un sous-produit in\u00e9vitable d\u2019une chirurgie, cet instrument pourrait bien \u00e9liminer compl\u00e8tement les cicatrices.<\/p>\n

Le syst\u00e8me de transport du faisceau par fibre optique est aussi mince qu\u2019un cheveu humain et peut \u00eatre robotis\u00e9. Connu sous le nom de scalpel PIRL (laser picoseconde infrarouge), il est aussi tr\u00e8s prometteur pour des biopsies ultrarapides en cas de cancer, car il procure un instantan\u00e9 des signatures mol\u00e9culaires des tissus excis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Encore plus impressionnant, le PIRL pourrait \u00e9ventuellement permettre aux chirurgiens de r\u00e9aliser une chirurgie sur des cellules individuelles. Les chirurgiens ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement recours \u00e0 la r\u00e9troaction tactile et leur champ de vision est r\u00e9solument limit\u00e9. La technique PIRL pourrait leur offrir les donn\u00e9es mol\u00e9culaires pr\u00e9cises n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9limination des cellules souches \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires d\u2019une tumeur maligne, menant \u00e0 des taux de survie nettement plus grands. \u00ab\u00a0Depuis l\u2019invention du laser dans les ann\u00e9es\u00a01960, les gens disaient qu\u2019il serait impossible d\u2019atteindre la limite unicellulaire sans dommages collat\u00e9raux\u00a0\u00bb, dit Miller, professeur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Toronto et codirecteur du programme Architecture mol\u00e9culaire de la vie<\/a> du CIFAR. \u00ab\u00a0C\u2019\u00e9tait du jamais vu, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Une meilleure compr\u00e9hension du fonctionnement d\u2019une cellule individuelle \u2013 r\u00e9ussir \u00e0 voir \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur et \u00e0 manipuler ses processus \u2013 se trouve au c\u0153ur de ce programme singulier du CIFAR. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 tout r\u00e9cemment, les scientifiques voyaient les cellules de fa\u00e7on statique et pour expliquer une bonne partie de leur comportement ils ne pouvaient faire que des suppositions. Gr\u00e2ce en grande partie \u00e0 Miller et \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues du programme Architecture mol\u00e9culaire de la vie, tout cela est en train de changer.<\/p>\n

L\u2019histoire du laser PIRL a commenc\u00e9 en 1989 quand Dwayne s\u2019est pos\u00e9 la question suivante\u00a0: \u00e7a ferait quoi de voir les atomes en mouvement?<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s plus d\u2019une d\u00e9cennie de d\u00e9veloppement technologique, en collaboration avec une \u00e9quipe de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Toronto, voil\u00e0 pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ce qu\u2019il a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 faire. Les chercheurs ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 le premier \u00ab\u00a0film mol\u00e9culaire\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019histoire qui a permis d\u2019\u00e9lucider le mouvement des atomes pendant des changements structuraux. En ayant d\u2019abord recours \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie lumineuse pour exciter les atomes et entra\u00eener leur mouvement, et en les exposant ensuite \u00e0 un \u00ab\u00a0flash\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9lectronique d\u2019une dur\u00e9e d\u2019un quadrillioni\u00e8me de seconde, \u00ab\u00a0nous avons v\u00e9cu un moment magique o\u00f9 nous avons pu litt\u00e9ralement regarder des atomes bouger en temps r\u00e9el\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il.<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9couverte a imm\u00e9diatement eu des r\u00e9percussions sur la chirurgie laser, car elle a aid\u00e9 Miller \u00e0 comprendre beaucoup plus clairement la transition de phase, le processus par lequel les solides, les liquides et les gaz passent d\u2019un \u00e9tat de la mati\u00e8re \u00e0 un autre.<\/p>\n

En chirurgie laser traditionnelle, on coupe les mat\u00e9riaux par l\u2019entremise d\u2019une forme de transition de phase induite, appel\u00e9e ablation. Toutefois, du point de vue mol\u00e9culaire, l\u2019ablation peut se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler un processus violent, car elle endommage les tissus solides lors de la transition vers la phase gazeuse. En cons\u00e9quence, quoique largement utilis\u00e9s en chirurgie oculaire, les lasers ont eu bien peu d\u2019applications chirurgicales.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous sommes pr\u00e8s de comprendre la diff\u00e9renciation cellulaire \u2013 comment une cellule qui a le m\u00eame ADN qu\u2019une autre se transforme en un type cellulaire compl\u00e8tement diff\u00e9rent. Les ph\u00e9notypes cellulaires constituent l\u2019un des grands myst\u00e8res de la vie.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 de nouvelles connaissances, Miller a pu concevoir une m\u00e9thode ing\u00e9nieuse pour \u00e9viter un tel dommage en excitant s\u00e9lectivement des mol\u00e9cules d\u2019eau dans les tissus humains \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un laser. \u00ab\u00a0Le scalpel PIRL fait passer les mol\u00e9cules en phase gazeuse si rapidement qu\u2019il n\u2019y a plus de temps pour la fragmentation mol\u00e9culaire\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il. En reconnaissance de ses travaux, il a re\u00e7u le prix en science et applications des lasers de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de physique en 2018.<\/p>\n

L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du PIRL dans le domaine de la chirurgie oculaire sans cicatrices fera sous peu l\u2019objet d\u2019essais cliniques. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un financement ad\u00e9quat, Miller esp\u00e8re que ses autres usages \u00e9ventuels (comme l\u2019imagerie des marges canc\u00e9reuses pour l\u2019\u00e9limination s\u00e9curitaire et la biopsie) seront aussi mis \u00e0 l\u2019essai dans un proche avenir. Entre-temps, d\u2019autres boursiers du programme Architecture mol\u00e9culaire de la vie du CIFAR explorent et manipulent aussi les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s fondamentales des cellules (\u00e0 l\u2019aide de techniques modernes, comme la spectrom\u00e9trie de masse, l\u2019IRM mol\u00e9culaire, la microscopie optique avec r\u00e9solution temporelle et la cryomicroscopie \u00e9lectronique) pour brosser un portrait complet des fonctions cellulaires.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous sommes pr\u00e8s de comprendre la diff\u00e9renciation cellulaire \u2013 comment une cellule qui a le m\u00eame ADN qu\u2019une autre se transforme en un type cellulaire compl\u00e8tement diff\u00e9rent\u00a0\u00bb, dit Miller. \u00ab\u00a0Les ph\u00e9notypes cellulaires constituent l\u2019un des grands myst\u00e8res de la vie. En exploitant le laser PIRL pour r\u00e9aliser une chirurgie \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la cellule, nous esp\u00e9rons \u00e9lucider comment la chimie d\u2019une cellule fait pour ex\u00e9cuter le programme biochimique que nous appelons la vie, et donner lieu aux fonctions cellulaires.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

\n

Les <\/em>programmes de recherche<\/em><\/a> du CIFAR se penchent sur d\u2019importantes questions auxquelles font face la science et l\u2019humanit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers quatre domaines th\u00e9matiques interdisciplinaires\u00a0: Vie et sant\u00e9, Individus et soci\u00e9t\u00e9, Information et mati\u00e8re, et Terre et espace. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un nouvel instrument incroyable permet une chirurgie sans cicatrices et promet des perc\u00e9es consid\u00e9rables dans la gu\u00e9rison des plaies et le biodiagnostic aux fins de navigation chirurgicale<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":31515,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1868,1771,4391,927],"tags":[2100,1869,4399,3995,4397],"class_list":["post-21213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architecture-moleculaire-de-la-vie","category-nouvelles","category-percees","category-recherche","tag-biologie","tag-dwayne-miller","tag-medecine","tag-medicine","tag-physique-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCIFAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2019\/09\/03\/chirurgie-sans-cicatrices\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chirurgie sans cicatrices? 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