{"id":21486,"date":"2019-10-09T12:06:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-09T16:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cifar661.wpengine.com\/cifarnews\/2019\/10\/09\/le-cifar-pr-sente-la-conf-rence-walrus-talks-fronti-res\/"},"modified":"2022-10-27T06:33:43","modified_gmt":"2022-10-27T10:33:43","slug":"le-cifar-pr-sente-la-conf-rence-walrus-talks-fronti-res","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2019\/10\/09\/le-cifar-pr-sente-la-conf-rence-walrus-talks-fronti-res\/","title":{"rendered":"Le CIFAR pr\u00e9sente : La conf\u00e9rence Walrus Talks \u2014 Fronti\u00e8res"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Le 23 septembre 2019, le CIFAR a &eacute;t&eacute; l&rsquo;h&ocirc;te de la premi&egrave;re de quatre conf&eacute;rences Walrus Talks pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es par le CIFAR.<\/p>\n<p>Tenue au Mus&eacute;e canadien de l&rsquo;histoire &agrave; Gatineau, la conf&eacute;rence avait pour th&egrave;me : Fronti&egrave;res : Comment les divisions d&eacute;finissent-elles notre vie? Qu&rsquo;est-ce qui se trouve entre les limites? Que signifie maintenant l&rsquo;appartenance &agrave; un groupe? <\/p>\n<p>\nLe th&egrave;me des conf&eacute;rences de la soir&eacute;e &eacute;mane des recherches visionnaires r&eacute;alis&eacute;es par des boursiers du CIFAR au sein du programme <a href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/recherche\/programmes\/limites-groupes-et-appartenance\" >Limites, groupes et appartenance<\/a>. Le programme rassemble d&rsquo;&eacute;minents sp&eacute;cialistes des sciences sociales, ainsi que de la th&eacute;orie politique et du droit qui &oelig;uvrent en collaboration pour mieux comprendre les politiques relatives &agrave; l&rsquo;appartenance. Ils se demandent si nous pouvons tracer &agrave; nouveau les limites de sorte &agrave; favoriser l&rsquo;inclusion sans perdre la solidarit&eacute; ni la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;action collective. Bref, pourquoi l&rsquo;appartenance est-elle importante &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re de la mondialisation.?<\/p>\n<p>\nParmi les conf&eacute;renciers, notons quatre boursiers du CIFAR :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/biographie\/keith-banting\" >Keith Banting<\/a>, conseiller au sein du programme Limites, groupes et appartenance du CIFAR <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/biographie\/adrian-m.-owen\" >Adrian M. Owen<\/a>, codirecteur du programme Cerveau, esprit et conscience CIFAR-Azrieli<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/biographie\/paige-raibmon\" >Paige Raibmon<\/a>, boursi&egrave;re au sein du programme Bien-&ecirc;tre collectif du CIFAR<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/biographie\/prerna-singh\" >Prerna Singh<\/a>, boursi&egrave;re au sein des programmes Bien-&ecirc;tre collectif, et Limites, groupes et appartenance du CIFAR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Visionnez la conf&eacute;rence Walrus Talks ici (ces vid&eacute;os sont en anglais):<\/p>\n<p>Keith Banting<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5Fn6_EerQbs\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"video_transcript_box\">\n\t<a class=\"transcript-btn\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-content=\"transcript\" data-text=\"Show Transcript\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" style=\"color: #333f48;\" aria-label=\"Afficher la transcription - What Canadians really think about immigration | Keith Banting | The Walrus Talks\">Afficher la transcription<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"transcript-text\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"display: none;\">hi my name is Keith Banting and I want<br \/>\nto talk to you this evening for seven<br \/>\nminutes about what I\u2019ve called the<br \/>\nbiggest boundary biggest at least<br \/>\ngeographically in the Canadian context<br \/>\nperhaps not the most divisive sorts of<br \/>\nboundaries that beige Paige was speaking<br \/>\nabout maybe more intensely divisive but<br \/>\nit the boundaries I want to talk about<br \/>\ngenerated by the system of immigration<br \/>\nare clearly powerful boundaries there<br \/>\nare a legal boundary and in some cases<br \/>\nof physical one as in the case the<br \/>\nUnited States these are boundaries<br \/>\nbetween us and them<br \/>\nindeed immigration politics are all<br \/>\nabout boundaries all the time these<br \/>\nboundaries are enforced by the state and<br \/>\nfear that a country\u2019s borders are not<br \/>\nsecure generates considerable public<br \/>\nanxiety in recent years many<br \/>\ninternational commentators have been<br \/>\nimpressed by the strength of public<br \/>\nsupport for an expansive immigration<br \/>\nprogram in Canada at a time of<br \/>\nconsiderable backlash elsewhere Canada<br \/>\nhas actually been increasing its<br \/>\nimmigration annual intake when in late<br \/>\n2015 the federal government accepted<br \/>\n50,000 Syrian refugees most commentators<br \/>\nCanadian and international agreed with<br \/>\nThe Economist magazine that the secret<br \/>\nto the Canadian comfort with immigration<br \/>\nis its distinctive culture and identity<br \/>\nboth of which celebrate diversity and<br \/>\nyet there are other voices in our<br \/>\npolitics other voices which challenge<br \/>\nimmigration and which sight culture as a<br \/>\nreason for challenging the immigration<br \/>\nprogram<br \/>\nand for challenging multiculturalism<br \/>\nmoreover moreover we know that populist<br \/>\nbacklash elsewhere has been driven by a<br \/>\ntoxic combination not just of culture<br \/>\nand cultural anxiety but also of economy<br \/>\nof economics and economic anxiety and so<br \/>\nI think I\u2019m going to start by suggesting<br \/>\nthat we should be careful about assuming<br \/>\nthat support for immigration in this<br \/>\ncountry can be based on cultural grounds<br \/>\nalone I think we need to take a little<br \/>\ndeeper so let\u2019s step back and let\u2019s ask<br \/>\nwhen and why the current level of<br \/>\nsupport for immigration emerged<br \/>\nCanadians have not always been<br \/>\nsupportive of immigration historians<br \/>\nhave to have documented the many dark<br \/>\ndark episodes in our history in the<br \/>\nfirst half of the 20th century but I<br \/>\nthink we also need to pay much closer<br \/>\nattention to our recent history because<br \/>\nuntil the mid 1990s the overwhelming<br \/>\nbulk of Canadians believe that<br \/>\nimmigration levels were too high this is<br \/>\na chart which tracks support for<br \/>\nimmigration in this country for and it\u2019s<br \/>\nit\u2019s the response of Canadians in a<br \/>\nsurvey to the proposition there\u2019s too<br \/>\nmuch immigration in Canada the Green<br \/>\nLine shows the proportion of respondents<br \/>\nwho agreed with that proposition and the<br \/>\nred line indicates the proportion of<br \/>\nrespondents who disagreed now what is<br \/>\nstriking here is that until the mid<br \/>\n1990s a substantial portion between 60<br \/>\nand 65 percent of Canadians thought that<br \/>\nimmigration levels were much too high<br \/>\nand then stunningly strikingly rapidly<br \/>\ncheap things changed and Canadians<br \/>\nshifted their views and within five<br \/>\nyears the proportion of Canadians who<br \/>\nthought that immigration levels were \u2013<br \/>\nare too high<br \/>\ndropped significantly and those who said<br \/>\nwho are comfortable with the existing<br \/>\nlevels of immigration basically doubled<br \/>\nand this happened within five years<br \/>\nwhich is a remarkably short period of<br \/>\ntime<br \/>\nand it\u2019s these attitudes which have been<br \/>\nstable since then small perturbations<br \/>\nbut that basic story continues so this<br \/>\nis a remarkable change and a colleague<br \/>\nand I have been trying to understand it<br \/>\nwhere did this come from what drove it<br \/>\nwhat sustains it our effort our efforts<br \/>\nof uncovered a variety factors but I<br \/>\nwould like to stick to just to the<br \/>\neconomy and the and our culture first on<br \/>\nthe economy I\u2019m very old I you know you<br \/>\ncan tell from the color of my hair I\u2019m<br \/>\nold enough to remember when the<br \/>\nunemployment rate in this country hits<br \/>\n13% in the recession of the early 1980s<br \/>\nand over 11% in the recession of the<br \/>\nearly 1990s in those years support for<br \/>\nimmigration rose and fell with the<br \/>\nbusiness cycle but the unemployment rate<br \/>\nthis unemployment rate dropped steadily<br \/>\nin the 1990s<br \/>\nMeech reaching a much lower and<br \/>\nrelatively stable level in the 2000s and<br \/>\nat the moment we\u2019re running a in a five<br \/>\npercent range almost a third of what it<br \/>\nwas in the early 1980s and the Canadian<br \/>\nand recessions in Canada have been<br \/>\nrelatively mild certainly the recession<br \/>\nof 2007 eight which was so powerfully<br \/>\ndestructive and a lot of European<br \/>\nsociety was relatively mild here I think<br \/>\nthat the sort of the better economic<br \/>\ncontext in which immigration attitudes<br \/>\nare formed makes it much more difficult<br \/>\nto scapegoat newcomers to complain that<br \/>\nimmigrants are stealing our jobs and in<br \/>\nour work the decline in the unemployment<br \/>\nrate turns out to have been the<br \/>\nstrongest individual factor in<br \/>\nexplaining the change in attitudes the<br \/>\neconomic impact this economic impact was<br \/>\nreinforced by the actual transformation<br \/>\nof the immigration program into an<br \/>\neconomic program in Canada it\u2019s a mantra<br \/>\nthat Canada\u2019s adopted the point system<br \/>\nin 1967 but a point system doesn\u2019t<br \/>\nmatter at all if the economic class of<br \/>\nimmigrants is small that is<br \/>\nthe proportion of human select selected<br \/>\nby that procedure are small and for<br \/>\ndecades after 1967 family reunification<br \/>\nwas the big category in the Canadian<br \/>\nimmigration system and it\u2019s only in the<br \/>\nmid 1990s that period of big change in<br \/>\nour attitudes that the Canadian<br \/>\ngovernment squeezed family<br \/>\nreunifications a category and radically<br \/>\nincreased the proportion of immigrants<br \/>\nin the economic class making it by far<br \/>\nthe biggest category this is as we see<br \/>\nprecisely the same period in which<br \/>\nCanadians overwhelmingly came to believe<br \/>\nthat immigration is good for the economy<br \/>\nthis is another slide it\u2019s a response of<br \/>\nkind of respondents to the proposition<br \/>\nthe economic impact of immigrants is<br \/>\npositive as you can see in the mid-1990s<br \/>\nthe green line those who agree with that<br \/>\nproposition Rises substantially and it\u2019s<br \/>\nstable since those are stunning numbers<br \/>\nin international context okay so I guess<br \/>\nI\u2019m arguing here that there was an<br \/>\neconomic context which underpinned the<br \/>\nwillingness of Canadians to shift their<br \/>\nattitudes on immigration but what our<br \/>\nbut our culture doesn\u2019t it matter I\u2019m<br \/>\nsure that faith and multiculturalism<br \/>\ndoes play a role in softening some of<br \/>\nthe internal boundaries within Canada<br \/>\nbut I think culture plays a very<br \/>\ndifferent role in how many and who gets<br \/>\nthrough the door into the country in the<br \/>\nfirst place cross national surveys<br \/>\nreveal that Canadians are as insistent<br \/>\nas any European public that immigrate<br \/>\nimmigrants should fit in in the current<br \/>\nperiod cultural anxieties about<br \/>\nimmigration are clearly prominent<br \/>\nespecially prominent in Quebec but<br \/>\nthey\u2019re not limited to Quebec this slide<br \/>\ncaptures excuse me responses to the<br \/>\nproposition that quote too many<br \/>\nimmigrants are not adopting Canadian<br \/>\nvalues end of quote<br \/>\nand as you can see in the same time<br \/>\nperiod from the mid 1990s there is a<br \/>\nsoftening in the proportion of kin<br \/>\nwho support that proposition but the<br \/>\nfall is not as sharp as in the economic<br \/>\ntransformations that were the context<br \/>\nfor these changing attitudes and there\u2019s<br \/>\na rise the those attitudes will the<br \/>\nsense that too many immigrants are not<br \/>\nadopting Canadian values bumps up again<br \/>\nin the period from about 2007 to about<br \/>\n2015<br \/>\none of my colleagues had the was unkind<br \/>\nenough to call it the Kenny bump not<br \/>\nsurprisingly in our statistical analysis<br \/>\nhalf of Canadians who are worried about<br \/>\nwhether immigrants are adopting values<br \/>\nthe 51 52 percent are adopting our<br \/>\nvalues are much less likely to support<br \/>\nambitious immigration levels and these<br \/>\ncultural anxieties are undoubtedly Kevin<br \/>\nDudley contributed to and being<br \/>\nreinforced by the increased political<br \/>\npolarization over immigration of recent<br \/>\nyears conservative supporters and<br \/>\nsupporters of other political parties<br \/>\nnow differ significantly in their views<br \/>\non immigration and this greater<br \/>\npolarization helps explain a the greater<br \/>\npolitical contestation over these issues<br \/>\nin recent years so if we step back and<br \/>\nask how did those in what context is<br \/>\nthose big-eyed that big pattern of<br \/>\nattitudes towards immigration shift I<br \/>\nthink there is both an economic and a<br \/>\ncultural story the dramatic growth and<br \/>\nCanadian support for immigration in the<br \/>\n1990s and it\u2019s stability through the<br \/>\n2000s was underpinned by economic<br \/>\nfactors a comparatively low unemployment<br \/>\nrate and the transformation of in<br \/>\nimmigration into an economic instrument<br \/>\ncultural anxiety Diddy\u2019s but it remains<br \/>\nsignificant in the Canadian context but<br \/>\nso far however the widespread belief in<br \/>\nimmigration is good for the economy<br \/>\noffsets these lingering cultural<br \/>\nanxieties at least in the data analysis<br \/>\nthat we\u2019ve done okay so looking forward<br \/>\nwhat what value is this kind of analysis<br \/>\nwhat are the implications what does it<br \/>\ntell us in 2016 the Advisory Council on<br \/>\neconomic growth to the minister finance<br \/>\nof the federal government urged that the<br \/>\nfederal government raise immigration<br \/>\nlevels two to four thousand four hundred<br \/>\nand fifty thousand by 2021 an increase<br \/>\nof over fifty percent over the level<br \/>\nthat had prevailed at that time as part<br \/>\nof a strategy of growing the Canadian<br \/>\npopulation dramatically so far the<br \/>\nfederal government has avoided such a<br \/>\nbold commitment and has raised the<br \/>\ntarget to three hundred and fifty<br \/>\nthousand which is still a significant<br \/>\nincrease over the patterns that have<br \/>\npersisted throughout the 2000s when the<br \/>\nnumber fluctuated between about two<br \/>\nhundred and fifty thousand and two<br \/>\nhundred and eighty thousand now what is<br \/>\nstriking is that so far there\u2019s although<br \/>\nthere\u2019s been pushback<br \/>\nwe\u2019ve seen political pushback largely<br \/>\nrooted and cultural anxieties the basic<br \/>\nfundamentals of Canadian support have<br \/>\nnot shifted the continued decline in the<br \/>\nunemployment rate I suspect as an<br \/>\nimportant that we\u2019re slipping down into<br \/>\nthe five percent range and so perhaps we<br \/>\nare on good solid ground still but are<br \/>\nwe good to go with a big jump because<br \/>\nthis is a time this may be Canada\u2019s time<br \/>\nbaby this is a time when we can grow<br \/>\nwhen we can given the fact that other<br \/>\ncountries are turning away people move<br \/>\naggressively is this our time to move<br \/>\naggressively into a much more expansive<br \/>\nimmigration world I have a word of<br \/>\ncaution I think we\u2019re in a curious<br \/>\nperiod the unemployment rate is no<br \/>\nlonger a good proxy for Economic<br \/>\nSecurity despite such low unemployment<br \/>\nas we enjoy at the moment Canadians are<br \/>\nuneasy even anxious about their economic<br \/>\nprospects and the economic prospects of<br \/>\ntheir children growing inequality<br \/>\ndisrupted in the global economy the<br \/>\neconomic excuse me the economics of<br \/>\ntechnological change the gig economy and<br \/>\nvarious forms of employment have<br \/>\ngenerated a palpable sense of economic<br \/>\nconcern anxiety insecurity and the<br \/>\npolitical parties are jockeying to tap<br \/>\ninto this unease in the current election<br \/>\ncampaign would Canadians in this context<br \/>\nsupport big increases in the immigration<br \/>\nfile in my view those who support<br \/>\nCanada\u2019s approach to immigration<br \/>\nespecially those who seek to grow it and<br \/>\nthat would include me should not assume<br \/>\nthat immigration is simply baked into<br \/>\nour culture and that it is sufficient on<br \/>\nits own to sustain an ambitious<br \/>\nimmigration program it strikes me that<br \/>\nsupporters including me need to focus<br \/>\nnot just on instance instances of<br \/>\ncultural intolerance that still exists<br \/>\nbut also on issues of economic anxiety<br \/>\neconomic insecurity growing inequality<br \/>\nand a sort of social justice social<br \/>\njustice that excuse me a social justice<br \/>\nagenda for the population as a whole<br \/>\nlimiting the potential for populist<br \/>\nbacklash and hardening of the big<br \/>\nboundary requires working I think on<br \/>\nboth economic and cultural justice<br \/>\nagendas otherwise we might end up with<br \/>\nCharlie Brown thank you\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adrian M. Owen<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/18K4M73FlxY\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"video_transcript_box\">\n\t<a class=\"transcript-btn\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-content=\"transcript\" data-text=\"Show Transcript\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" style=\"color: #333f48;\" aria-label=\"Afficher la transcription - Beyond the limitations of the physical body | Adrian M Owen\">Afficher la transcription<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"transcript-text\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"display: none;\">good evening my name is Adrienne Owen<br \/>\nand 22 years ago I was introduced to a<br \/>\nyoung school teacher from Cambridge in<br \/>\nthe UK her name was Kate now Kate wasn\u2019t<br \/>\nlike you and she wasn\u2019t like me she was<br \/>\nliving in a state that used to be<br \/>\nreferred to or was often referred to as<br \/>\na persistent vegetative state<br \/>\nKate was literally living on the<br \/>\nboundary between life and death she<br \/>\nwould open and close her eyes she would<br \/>\noccasionally stare blankly around the<br \/>\nroom she would cough she would yawn but<br \/>\nlike all patients who were described as<br \/>\nbeing in a vegetative state Kate showed<br \/>\nno responses to any form of external<br \/>\nstimulation if you asked her to squeeze<br \/>\nyour hand nothing you asked her to blink<br \/>\nher eyes nothing and again like all<br \/>\npatients in this condition it was<br \/>\ngenerally assumed that Kate had no<br \/>\nawareness that is she wasn\u2019t aware of<br \/>\nwho she was she wasn\u2019t aware of where<br \/>\nshe was and she certainly wasn\u2019t aware<br \/>\nof the predicament that she was in my<br \/>\ncolleagues and I had an idea that we<br \/>\nwould put Kate into a brain scanner and<br \/>\nsee whether we could work out what was<br \/>\ngoing on with her brain while she was in<br \/>\nthe scanner we showed her pictures of<br \/>\nfaces of her friends and family now this<br \/>\nis something that nobody had ever done<br \/>\nbefore at that point and to be honest<br \/>\nmost people thought we were pretty crazy<br \/>\nI mean what was the point it was a waste<br \/>\nof time and a waste of money but<br \/>\nremarkably when Kate was exposed to<br \/>\nthese pictures of faces of people she<br \/>\nknew her brain activated it lit up but<br \/>\nwhat did that mean was this some kind of<br \/>\nautomatic brain response or sort of an<br \/>\necho from the abyss or was this a sign<br \/>\nthere was something more going on in<br \/>\ncase brain than any of us knew what to<br \/>\nbe really honest I had absolutely no<br \/>\nidea but we did know that we had<br \/>\ndiscovered something<br \/>\nit was potentially very important over<br \/>\nthe next few years<br \/>\nI saw many patients who are like Kate<br \/>\nand we put them into brain scanners and<br \/>\nand we saw all sorts of responses<br \/>\nresponses to pictures responses to words<br \/>\nsentences even complete stories but<br \/>\nstill didn\u2019t know what these brain signs<br \/>\nmeant what did it mean when somebody\u2019s<br \/>\nbrain responded to a familiar stimulus<br \/>\nthat we presented to them again was<br \/>\nthere more going on in the brains of<br \/>\nthese patients than any of us had up<br \/>\nuntil that point realized and it was a<br \/>\nnight it was in 2006 that we really had<br \/>\na major breakthrough I realized that if<br \/>\nwe were going to truly understand what<br \/>\nwas going on for these patients we would<br \/>\nhave to get one of them to communicate<br \/>\nwith us and not to communicate with<br \/>\nspeech or or movements because of course<br \/>\nnone of these patients could do that but<br \/>\nthe question was could we get a patient<br \/>\nto communicate using just their brain<br \/>\nnow Jillian was a patient who who I saw<br \/>\nin 2006 who had been involved in a<br \/>\ncomplex road traffic accident and when<br \/>\nshe came to our attention she\u2019d been in<br \/>\na vegetative state for some months we<br \/>\nput Jillian into the scanner and we said<br \/>\nif you understand what we\u2019re saying to<br \/>\nto you now could you imagine that you\u2019re<br \/>\nwaving your arms around as if you were<br \/>\nplaying a game of tennis and remarkably<br \/>\nwhen we asked Jillian to do this an area<br \/>\nof her brain known as the premotor<br \/>\ncortex is bright up here on top of your<br \/>\nbrain it sprung to life and that\u2019s a<br \/>\npart of the brain that we know is<br \/>\ninvolved in imagining complex movements<br \/>\nas if you were imagining playing a game<br \/>\nof tennis and when we asked Jillian to<br \/>\nstop thinking about this activity in<br \/>\nthis area of the brain disappeared and<br \/>\nwe repeated this many times she was able<br \/>\nto produce these responses not not<br \/>\nphysical responses but responses with<br \/>\nher brain whenever we asked her to do it<br \/>\nJillian was conscious Jillian was in<br \/>\nthere she was aware she just hadn\u2019t been<br \/>\nable to move a single muscle in her body<br \/>\nto indicate this to anybody around her<br \/>\nnow 2010<br \/>\nmoved my research team from the<br \/>\nUniversity of Cambridge to Western<br \/>\nUniversity in London Ontario and within<br \/>\na month of arriving in Canada I was<br \/>\nintroduced to another patient called<br \/>\nScott now like Gillian Scott had been<br \/>\ninvolved in a complicated road accident<br \/>\nbut unlike Gillian he\u2019d been in a<br \/>\nvegetative state for 12 years at the<br \/>\npoint that we met him and very quickly I<br \/>\nwas able to tell Scott\u2019s family and his<br \/>\ndoctors that he wasn\u2019t in a vegetative<br \/>\nstate at all he was actually aware and<br \/>\nthis is because when we asked him to<br \/>\nimagine doing something in the scanner<br \/>\nimagine playing a game of tennis his<br \/>\nbrain would activate in much the same<br \/>\nway that we had seen previously but we<br \/>\nwanted to push it further than that we<br \/>\nwanted to open a channel of<br \/>\ncommunication so that some of these<br \/>\npatients could actually communicate with<br \/>\nus and Scott showed us how to do that<br \/>\nover a series of many scans over many<br \/>\nmonths we taught Scott to communicate to<br \/>\nanswer yes and no questions he would<br \/>\ntypically imagine he was playing a game<br \/>\nof tennis if he wanted to answer yes to<br \/>\na question or imagine a different<br \/>\nscenario such as moving from room to<br \/>\nroom in his house if he wanted to for<br \/>\nexample say no answer no until question<br \/>\nand in this way we were able to find out<br \/>\nmany things about Scott about the<br \/>\nsituation he was in about how he felt<br \/>\nabout that about some of the memories<br \/>\nthat he had and some of his needs and<br \/>\ndesires including whether he was in any<br \/>\npain now over the last twenty years or<br \/>\nso since we since we did that original<br \/>\nscan we\u2019ve learned many many things<br \/>\nabout this population of patients many<br \/>\ndifferent centers around the world now<br \/>\nuse these techniques to identify<br \/>\npatients who are in this condition and<br \/>\neven to communicate with them and it<br \/>\nturns out that about one in five or<br \/>\ntwenty percent of patients who appear to<br \/>\nbe completely vegetative completely<br \/>\nnon-responsive are in fact aware and in<br \/>\nmany cases for decades have been lying<br \/>\nsilently listening to every conversation<br \/>\ngoing on around them and you might be<br \/>\nwondering what happened to Kate that<br \/>\nschoolteacher in Cambridge who started<br \/>\nthis cascade<br \/>\nAvensis led me to be here today well<br \/>\nagain remarkably after some months some<br \/>\nmonths after we scanned her kate began<br \/>\nto recover and she\u2019s talked very<br \/>\npublicly about the many struggles she<br \/>\nhad coming back from that boundary<br \/>\nbetween life and death she\u2019s described<br \/>\nhow she tried to kill herself by holding<br \/>\nher breath she had no other way of doing<br \/>\nit she\u2019s also talked about the the<br \/>\ntremendous stress the terror actually<br \/>\nshe says of being aware in the presence<br \/>\nof other people who have no idea that<br \/>\nyou are there at all but for me the most<br \/>\nimportant thing that kate has taught me<br \/>\nover the last 20 years or so and is that<br \/>\nshe says the day that we scanned her is<br \/>\nthe day that she became a person again<br \/>\nit\u2019s the day when people stop treating<br \/>\nher like an object I started to treat<br \/>\nher like a human being and that\u2019s why we<br \/>\ndo what we do and this all began for me<br \/>\nanyway<br \/>\nabout almost 30 years ago now as a<br \/>\njourney to try and unravel the mysteries<br \/>\nof the brain but it\u2019s turned into<br \/>\nsomething much more interesting and much<br \/>\nmore personal as we try them and pull<br \/>\nthese people back from the void try and<br \/>\ngive them a voice and reconnect them<br \/>\nwith the people that they love and the<br \/>\npeople who love them and ultimately<br \/>\nbring them back and give them a place<br \/>\nwhere they belong<br \/>\nback in the land of the living thanks<br \/>\nvery much\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Paige Raibmon<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AY99OLAmj7w\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"video_transcript_box\">\n\t<a class=\"transcript-btn\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-content=\"transcript\" data-text=\"Show Transcript\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" style=\"color: #333f48;\" aria-label=\"Afficher la transcription - Moving towards anti-Racist teaching through language | Paige Raibmon | The Walrus Talks\">Afficher la transcription<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"transcript-text\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"display: none;\">hi everyone my name is Paige ravemon I\u2019m<br \/>\na historian of settler descent my<br \/>\nancestors came to Canada from Hungary<br \/>\nSweden and the Russian and polish shtetl<br \/>\none of them told the story of his<br \/>\nimmigrant experience in this memoir<br \/>\nabout life and Winnipeg\u2019s North End I<br \/>\ngrew up<br \/>\nlive in and currently raised my family<br \/>\non the territory of the Houma squilliam<br \/>\npeople on the banks of the Fraser River<br \/>\nand I\u2019m grateful to live there I\u2019m also<br \/>\ngrateful to be here today on the<br \/>\nterritory of the Algonquin nation<br \/>\nremarkably I think entire cities sit on<br \/>\ntop of these unseeded lands Vancouver my<br \/>\nhome and Ottawa gotta know the Capital<br \/>\nRegion my thoughts today are my own I do<br \/>\nnot speak for indigenous people or as an<br \/>\nindigenous person I\u2019ve learned from many<br \/>\nteachers whose influence I acknowledge<br \/>\nand represent here so what I\u2019ve just<br \/>\ndone by way of introduction is situate<br \/>\nmyself and my knowledge I\u2019ve told you<br \/>\nwho I am<br \/>\nwhere I\u2019m from where I\u2019m at and who I<br \/>\nhave learned from why take the time to<br \/>\ndo this especially in seven minutes<br \/>\nwell because and this is one of my key<br \/>\npoints for today learning requires<br \/>\nexploration of one\u2019s identity this is a<br \/>\nFirst Peoples principle of learning that<br \/>\napplies to all of us it invites non<br \/>\nindigenous learners like myself to start<br \/>\nwith our own bounded selves rather than<br \/>\nwith an indigenous other this matters<br \/>\nbecause we all internalize things we<br \/>\nlearn as children our childhood<br \/>\nexperiences become taken for granted<br \/>\nassumptions that we take for the norm<br \/>\nthe boundaries of our worldview remain<br \/>\ninvisible to us those of us with<br \/>\nprivilege suffer this illusion the<br \/>\nlongest because society around us<br \/>\nreinforces our ID<br \/>\nis left in place these assumptions<br \/>\nimpede best intentioned efforts to<br \/>\nunderstand histories and people<br \/>\ndifferent from our own they limit<br \/>\nefforts at greater inclusion and<br \/>\ndiversity to an ad and ster approach<br \/>\nsame cup of coffee different sweetener<br \/>\nfeminists people of color have pointed<br \/>\nout the problem with this for a long<br \/>\ntime left in place these assumptions<br \/>\nalso leave us talking about the past<br \/>\ninstead of about history let me explain<br \/>\nwhat I mean I\u2019m going to take some<br \/>\nexamples from a social studies textbook<br \/>\nthat I recently reviewed the book aimed<br \/>\nto improve historical representations of<br \/>\nindigenous peoples and on this count it<br \/>\ndid a good job<br \/>\nit also exemplified the issue that I\u2019ve<br \/>\njust outlined it contained a lot about<br \/>\nthe past and was inadequately historical<br \/>\nthat is it treated concepts that were<br \/>\nspecific to particular times and places<br \/>\nas though they were unbounded and<br \/>\nuniversal things European still pass as<br \/>\nuniversal because of the long entwined<br \/>\nhistories of racism and colonialism one<br \/>\ninfluential scholar refers in this light<br \/>\nto the need to provincial eyes Europe to<br \/>\ndemarcate the boundaries around European<br \/>\nknowledge making it situated local and<br \/>\nspecific for example a well-intentioned<br \/>\nlesson plan could emphasize indigenous<br \/>\npeoples role in the fur trade with a<br \/>\nsentence like indigenous peoples were<br \/>\nhighly skilled at navigating and<br \/>\nsurviving the wilderness this makes<br \/>\nspace for indigenous presence and<br \/>\nsimultaneously erases indigenous peoples<br \/>\nways of knowing their territory<br \/>\nwilderness afterall is a place that<br \/>\nhumans neither modify nor call home<br \/>\nindigenous territories were homelands<br \/>\nand there was no wilderness similarly we<br \/>\ncould present the range of human<br \/>\ninteractions with the environment by<br \/>\nsaying indigenous peoples use natural<br \/>\nresources in unique sophisticated ways<br \/>\nagain this<br \/>\nstrains indigenous people at the time<br \/>\nthat it makes space for them in our<br \/>\nhistory Natural Resources is a<br \/>\nculturally specific market-driven<br \/>\ncategory for thinking about nature<br \/>\ntreating natural resources as a<br \/>\nuniversal category implies that utility<br \/>\nalways defines the relationship between<br \/>\nhumans and the environment that for<br \/>\nexample a cedar choice a cedar tree<br \/>\ncould either be milled for lumber or be<br \/>\ncarved into a canoe but what if a cedar<br \/>\ntree is your relation indigenous peoples<br \/>\nconfigure anima seek in nature and<br \/>\nutility in entirely different ways and<br \/>\nwe cannot see this if we try to add and<br \/>\nstir them into our pre-existing category<br \/>\nof natural resources as I\u2019m outlining<br \/>\nour conventional vocabulary attributes<br \/>\nand unbounded universality to many<br \/>\nEuropean concepts and when we use this<br \/>\nvocabulary we reproduce colonialist<br \/>\nassumptions where I\u2019m from it can pass<br \/>\nas uncontroversial to say that this man<br \/>\nthe first governor of British Columbia<br \/>\nhad a responsibility to maintain law and<br \/>\norder yet this race treats law and order<br \/>\nas singular as if only the British had<br \/>\nlaw and it implies that Douglass\u2019s<br \/>\nresponsibility was legitimately bestowed<br \/>\nthis is a completely European<br \/>\nperspective indigenous peoples have<br \/>\ntheir own systems of law and<br \/>\nconstitutionality that\u2019s what\u2019s going on<br \/>\nin the lower left hand image what<br \/>\nDouglas brought was British law &amp; order\u2019<br \/>\nand so we might be more specific and<br \/>\nclarify that the British do not have a<br \/>\nmonopoly on law and that their sense of<br \/>\nresponsibility was self-imposed treaties<br \/>\nare something that exists within<br \/>\nmultiple systems of law and we could try<br \/>\nto recognize an indigenous perspective<br \/>\nby noting that indigenous peoples<br \/>\nbelieved treaties were land sharing<br \/>\nagreements but this implies that<br \/>\nindigenous peoples believed while<br \/>\nEuropeans knew presumably the troops<br \/>\nEuropeans don\u2019t have a monopoly on truth<br \/>\nany more than they do on law this two<br \/>\nrow wampum belt is a legally binding<br \/>\nhood national that speaks the truth of<br \/>\nindigenous law my contention is that<br \/>\nthese textbook examples are cases of a<br \/>\nmuch broader phenomenon when we treat<br \/>\ncategories like Natural Resources<br \/>\nwilderness or law as universal singular<br \/>\nand unbounded we undermine the diversity<br \/>\nand equity we might else well elsewhere<br \/>\naim for in policy and educational<br \/>\ninitiatives before we can seek something<br \/>\ncalled reconciliation we must admit some<br \/>\nthings are irreconcilable we cannot<br \/>\ncreate anti-racist histories by<br \/>\ninserting indigenous characters into the<br \/>\nboundaries of our existing narratives<br \/>\nand categories thank you let\u2019s see\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Prerna Singh<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IJIYbwLF6_4\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"video_transcript_box\">\n\t<a class=\"transcript-btn\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-content=\"transcript\" data-text=\"Show Transcript\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" style=\"color: #333f48;\" aria-label=\"Afficher la transcription - Prerna Singh explains how nationalism is not necessarily bad news | The Walrus Talks\">Afficher la transcription<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"transcript-text\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"display: none;\">whether it is Trump in the US Putin in<br \/>\nRussia Putin ro in Brazil or muthi in<br \/>\nIndia leaders of some of the largest<br \/>\nstates in the world today successfully<br \/>\nmobilizing their people in the name of<br \/>\nnationalism and these strident<br \/>\nnationalisms in the names of dominant<br \/>\nethnic groups pitted against minorities<br \/>\nseem to have sealed nationalisms<br \/>\nnotorious association with<br \/>\ndiscrimination division and destruction<br \/>\nindeed many scholars would say that the<br \/>\nlast analogous global upsurge of<br \/>\nnationalism culminated in the Second<br \/>\nWorld War and writing in that context<br \/>\nAlbert Einstein had famously termed<br \/>\nnationalism as the measles of mankind<br \/>\nand infantile disease that we would<br \/>\noutgrow with modernity and these twin<br \/>\nassumptions that nationalism is evil and<br \/>\nthat it would fade away particularly<br \/>\nwith the universalizing power of the<br \/>\nmarket has brought together scholars as<br \/>\nideologically opposed as Karl Marx to<br \/>\nFrancis Fukuyama<br \/>\nand yet here we are today I\u2019m thrilled<br \/>\nnursing and I\u2019m here to tell you that<br \/>\nthis persistence of nationalism is not<br \/>\nnecessarily bad news 400 years ago the<br \/>\nTreaty of Westphalia established now<br \/>\nsalute nationalism as the legitimating<br \/>\nideology on the basis of which states<br \/>\nrule and will continue to live today in<br \/>\nthis world of nation-states even with<br \/>\nsome attenuation of their power with<br \/>\nglobalization\u2019s<br \/>\nnations remain the central form of<br \/>\npolitical community the key units that<br \/>\nwe have today for administering justice<br \/>\nand so in as much as nations are here to<br \/>\nstay so too is nationalism and this is<br \/>\nbecause at its root nationalism is<br \/>\nespecially powerful type of group<br \/>\nidentity and as such it fulfills both a<br \/>\nfundamental biological need<br \/>\nthat we have as humans for living in<br \/>\ngroups as well as a psychological need<br \/>\nfor community as a source of validation<br \/>\nand self-esteem belonging to a national<br \/>\npolitical community has been shown to<br \/>\nprotect us from feelings of alienation<br \/>\nof solitude and giving us a sense of<br \/>\nautonomy critically my own research as a<br \/>\npolitical scientist has shown that<br \/>\nnationalism is also an important driver<br \/>\nfor the functioning of liberal<br \/>\ndemocracies and the realization of<br \/>\nsocial political and economic freedoms<br \/>\nliberal democratic states Oh citizens<br \/>\nrights and citizens in turn are obliged<br \/>\nto fulfill certain duties towards the<br \/>\nstate national solidarities infuse these<br \/>\ntechnical ties of citizenship with with<br \/>\nwhat scholars have termed the magic of<br \/>\nmy I feel a stronger sense of commitment<br \/>\nto words I\u2019m more motivated to work for<br \/>\nthe welfare of my group my family my<br \/>\nnation experiments in Social Psychology<br \/>\nhave shown that this is because we feel<br \/>\na sense of weenus an idea of a linked<br \/>\nfate a shared destiny my own individual<br \/>\nwelfare is that is linked to that of my<br \/>\nnational community as a whole<br \/>\nnationalisms makes a state home the<br \/>\nobligations that are owed by leaders and<br \/>\ncitizens are not just to a political<br \/>\nadministrative unit they are to my<br \/>\npeople to my homeland in my research<br \/>\nI\u2019ve shown how on the one hand these<br \/>\nobligations of nationalism encourage<br \/>\nstate leaders to prioritize the welfare<br \/>\nof the people<br \/>\nnational solidarities were important<br \/>\nfactors in the institution of social<br \/>\nwelfare regimes across Europe in Canada<br \/>\nas well as in India on the other hand<br \/>\nnational attachments also motivates<br \/>\ncitizens to make sacrifices for the<br \/>\nstate sacrifices of time and effort when<br \/>\nwe vote and participate politically of<br \/>\nmoney when we pay our taxes on time and<br \/>\nhonestly and the most supreme sacrifice<br \/>\nof all of our lives when we joined the<br \/>\narmy<br \/>\nand fight for our country but in as much<br \/>\nas national solidarities are a powerful<br \/>\nconstructive force they are bounded like<br \/>\nall groups nations have boundaries those<br \/>\nwho belong and those who do not for<br \/>\nnation states this question of who is in<br \/>\nand who is out has a literal meaning<br \/>\nthose who are outside its geographic<br \/>\nboundaries are also usually outside its<br \/>\nboundaries of belonging so Americans for<br \/>\ninstance do not see Canadians as Co<br \/>\nNationals which of course I know you\u2019re<br \/>\nall deeply relieved about there is<br \/>\nnothing to condemn in national<br \/>\nboundaries per se a healthy drive for<br \/>\nnational distinctiveness has driven<br \/>\nimportant contributions in the arts<br \/>\nthink for example of Russian literature<br \/>\nof Cuban music of French cinema or thigh<br \/>\ncuisine and competition for national<br \/>\nachievement is of course the lifeblood<br \/>\nof sports<br \/>\nMiraval research has shown that there is<br \/>\nno reciprocal relationship between<br \/>\nin-group and out-group attitudes what<br \/>\nthis means is that love for one\u2019s own<br \/>\nnation does not necessarily imply<br \/>\nhostility or hate towards another nation<br \/>\nit can involve distancing indifference<br \/>\nor as in the case of Canadian<br \/>\nnationalism vis a vie or southern<br \/>\nneighbors maybe just a little disdain<br \/>\nthe real question for nation-states is<br \/>\nwhether the boundaries of belonging<br \/>\ninclude those who are located within our<br \/>\nphysical boundaries minorities<br \/>\nnative-born as well as immigrants and<br \/>\nrefugees the present crop of<br \/>\nnationalisms is so virulent and so<br \/>\nvicious there is almost made us forget<br \/>\nthat nationalism is fundamentally about<br \/>\nlove about fraternity and about unity a<br \/>\nuseful analogy for thinking about<br \/>\nnationalism is that national identities<br \/>\nare not like hats or identities more<br \/>\nbroadly are not like hats we do wear one<br \/>\nat one more than one<br \/>\none time so national identities are<br \/>\ncompatible with and research has shown<br \/>\nare actually reinforced by other<br \/>\nidentities such as gender class and<br \/>\nethnicity and they also sit quite<br \/>\ncomfortably with universal human<br \/>\ncosmopolitan identities nationalism scan<br \/>\nand have historically on many instances<br \/>\nbeen constructed to include minorities<br \/>\nthrough various models of integration<br \/>\nand here Canadian multiculturalism shows<br \/>\nus simultaneously the possibility of how<br \/>\nethnic minorities linguistic and<br \/>\nreligious can be included as well as the<br \/>\nchallenge of how much more needs to be<br \/>\ndone for instance in the inclusion of<br \/>\nindigenous people but it as much as it<br \/>\nis challenging building inclusive<br \/>\nnations is necessary indeed I would<br \/>\nargue it\u2019s one of the most urgent tasks<br \/>\nfacing us today in America where I live<br \/>\nnationalism has become synonymous with<br \/>\nwhite Christian nationalism and an India<br \/>\nwhere I grew up and which I study it has<br \/>\nbecome equated with Hindu nationalism<br \/>\nbut this is not a reason to give up on<br \/>\nnationalism in fact it is precisely the<br \/>\nreason we must not give up on it but<br \/>\ninstead fight to reclaim it from these<br \/>\nexclusive definitions and to put forward<br \/>\nmore expansive ideas of us to widen the<br \/>\nboundaries of our national we through<br \/>\npolicies of representation and<br \/>\nredistribution is also through everyday<br \/>\npractices about the flags we fly the<br \/>\nstatues we erect the festivals we<br \/>\ncelebrate in the songs that we sing such<br \/>\nan inclusive nationalism can promote<br \/>\nthose very freedoms that the exclusive<br \/>\nnationalisms of today are threatening<br \/>\nthis is a nationalism that we must fight<br \/>\nfor thank you\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regardez les boursiers du CIFAR expliquer comment les divisions d\u00e9finissent notre vie, ce qui se trouve entre les limites et ce que signifie maintenant l\u2019appartenance \u00e0 un groupe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":31455,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4696,4689,1771,4697],"tags":[4629,817],"class_list":["post-21486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communications-strategiques","category-frontieres-groupes-et-appartenance","category-nouvelles","category-video-fr","tag-mobilisation-du-public","tag-walrus-talks-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CIFAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2019\/10\/09\/le-cifar-pr-sente-la-conf-rence-walrus-talks-fronti-res\/\" \/>\n<meta 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