{"id":21651,"date":"2018-05-30T00:09:00","date_gmt":"2018-05-30T04:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cifar661.wpengine.com\/cifarnews\/2018\/05\/30\/sonder-les-mysteres-de-la-supraconductivite\/"},"modified":"2025-12-18T06:28:37","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T11:28:37","slug":"sonder-les-mysteres-de-la-supraconductivite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2018\/05\/30\/sonder-les-mysteres-de-la-supraconductivite\/","title":{"rendered":"Sonder les myst\u00e8res de la supraconductivit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Si vous touchez \u00e0 la poign\u00e9e d\u2019une po\u00eale chaude, vous vous rappellerez (en grima\u00e7ant) que le m\u00e9tal est un excellent conducteur de chaleur et d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Si vous touchez au rev\u00eatement de caoutchouc du c\u00e2ble \u00e9lectrique d\u2019une lampe, vous trouverez son oppos\u00e9 inoffensif, un isolateur.<\/h3>\n

Mais qu\u2019arrive-t-il quand ces \u00e9lectrons circulent sans heurt \u00e0 travers un solide, sans aucune r\u00e9sistance? Il s\u2019agit alors de supraconductivit\u00e9\u00a0: un \u00e9tat o\u00f9 les \u00e9lectrons s\u2019apparient comme des partenaires de valse. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la technologie des supraconducteurs a donn\u00e9 lieu aux appareils d\u2019IRM et aux trains \u00e0 sustentation magn\u00e9tique qui circulent sur des voies magn\u00e9tis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Et si nous r\u00e9ussissons \u00e0 bien exploiter la supraconductivit\u00e9, les possibilit\u00e9s seraient encore plus grandes, particuli\u00e8rement dans le domaine de l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019\u00e9nergie. Le processus peut contenir une grande quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique dans des c\u00e2bles tr\u00e8s fins, avec une dissipation limit\u00e9e pendant la circulation du courant. Et comme on pr\u00e9dit que la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale devrait presque doubler au cours des quatre prochaines d\u00e9cennies, les supraconducteurs seraient une v\u00e9ritable b\u00e9n\u00e9diction pour l\u2019environnement.<\/p>\n

Cons\u00e9quemment, pourquoi n\u2019utilise-t-on pas plus souvent cette incroyable technologie? Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 relativement r\u00e9cemment, m\u00eame si nous avions fait la d\u00e9couverte de plusieurs mat\u00e9riaux qui manifestent la supraconductivit\u00e9, il fallait les refroidir \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eamement basses \u2013 un processus co\u00fbteux et peu pratique. Voil\u00e0 pourquoi des physiciens quantiques ont travaill\u00e9 sans rel\u00e2che pour d\u00e9couvrir de nouveaux mat\u00e9riaux qui non seulement manifesteront la supraconductivit\u00e9, mais le feront \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures de plus en plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es. De la sorte, la technologie pourrait \u00eatre plus viable et plus largement utilis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de la Colombie-Britannique,\u00a0Andrea Damascelli<\/a>, Boursier principal du CIFAR et directeur scientifique du Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, a patiemment \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la supraconductivit\u00e9 dans une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 croissante de mat\u00e9riaux. Il y a trois ans, son groupe de recherche a dop\u00e9 avec du lithium une couche unique de graph\u00e8ne et a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 entra\u00eener l\u2019appariement des \u00e9lectrons du mat\u00e9riau en paires.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous mettons au point des mat\u00e9riaux qui n\u2019existent pas dans la nature et nous le faisons de fa\u00e7on tr\u00e8s d\u00e9licate et ma\u00eetris\u00e9e en d\u00e9posant sous ultravide quelques atomes sur une surface\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il.<\/p>\n

Afin de trouver les meilleurs mat\u00e9riaux, Damascelli cherche aussi \u00e0 comprendre comment la supraconductivit\u00e9 se manifeste. Cette ann\u00e9e, son laboratoire a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une perc\u00e9e importante en la mati\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

En utilisant une technique laser, appel\u00e9e spectroscopie de photo\u00e9mission \u00e0 r\u00e9solution temporelle, et en rompant l\u2019\u00e9quilibre d\u2019un condensat supraconducteur avec des impulsions ultracourtes, le stagiaire postdoctoral Fabio Boschini a pris une s\u00e9rie d\u2019instantan\u00e9s ultrarapides pour surveiller la r\u00e9apparition de la supraconductivit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une impulsion sonde sur des cuprates (supraconducteurs arch\u00e9typaux \u00e0 base de cuivre). Et le terme \u00ab\u00a0ultrarapide\u00a0\u00bb est bien faible ici, car chaque instantan\u00e9 n\u2019a dur\u00e9 que quelques femtosecondes ou quadrillioni\u00e8mes de secondes.<\/p>\n

Pour que la supraconductivit\u00e9 se produise, le simple appariement des \u00e9lectrons ne suffit pas. Il faut que ces paires, appel\u00e9es paires de Cooper, soient organis\u00e9es en une seule phase quantique macroscopique, un \u00e9tat appel\u00e9 phase de coh\u00e9rence. Et pour discerner lequel des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes microscopiques d\u00e9clenche l\u2019action, il faut proc\u00e9der \u00e0 la d\u00e9sintrication de ces facteurs.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0En ayant recours \u00e0 la spectroscopie \u00e9lectronique ultrarapide dans nos exp\u00e9riences avec impulsion sonde, nous avons pu observer que le d\u00e9but de la coh\u00e9rence de phase est le m\u00e9canisme principal\u00a0\u00bb, dit Boschini.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0C\u2019est un grand d\u00e9fi\u00a0\u00bb, ajoute Damascelli. \u00ab\u00a0Fabio et notre \u00e9quipe ont d\u00fb produire des impulsions laser de fr\u00e9quence sp\u00e9cifique dans l\u2019ultraviolet extr\u00eame et manipuler leur structure temporelle afin d\u2019atteindre un degr\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019exactitude pour \u00eatre en mesure de surveiller ces \u00e9chelles temporelles ultrarapides.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Publi\u00e9s r\u00e9cemment dans la revue\u00a0Nature Materials<\/em>, ces travaux r\u00e9cents du nouveau\u00a0Moore Centre for Ultrafast Quantum Matter<\/em>, de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de la Colombie-Britannique, repr\u00e9sentent encore une autre \u00e9tape dans la qu\u00eate d\u2019une meilleure compr\u00e9hension de la manifestation de la supraconductivit\u00e9, et de la d\u00e9couverte de nouveaux mat\u00e9riaux et de techniques qui permettront sa manifestation. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, ces recherches ont men\u00e9 \u00e0 la publication de plus de 200\u00a0000\u00a0articles et sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine de six prix Nobel.<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9couverte est le fruit d\u2019une collaboration tr\u00e8s \u00e9troite (dans ce cas-ci, entre le laboratoire de Damascelli et ceux de ses coll\u00e8gues\u00a0: David Jones, \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de la Colombie-Britannique, et Claudio Gianetti, \u00e0 Brescia, en Italie).<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous ne faisons que commencer notre exploration du comportement dynamique et exotique des mat\u00e9riaux quantiques\u00a0\u00bb, dit Damascelli. \u00ab\u00a0Notre objectif ultime est de comprendre et de ma\u00eetriser les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s fascinantes des supraconducteurs \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature \u00e9lev\u00e9e et d\u2019autres mat\u00e9riaux quantiques.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Si vous touchez \u00e0 la poign\u00e9e d\u2019une po\u00eale chaude, vous vous rappellerez (en grima\u00e7ant) que le m\u00e9tal est un excellent conducteur de chaleur et d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":28261,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1771,927],"tags":[2520,6559,1972],"class_list":["post-21651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nouvelles","category-recherche","tag-andrea-damascelli","tag-superconductivity","tag-supraconductivite"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCIFAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2018\/05\/30\/sonder-les-mysteres-de-la-supraconductivite\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sonder les myst\u00e8res de la supraconductivit\u00e9 - CIFAR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Si vous touchez \u00e0 la poign\u00e9e d\u2019une po\u00eale chaude, vous vous rappellerez (en grima\u00e7ant) que le m\u00e9tal est un excellent conducteur de chaleur et d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. 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