{"id":21672,"date":"2019-09-03T15:46:09","date_gmt":"2019-09-03T19:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cifar661.wpengine.com\/cifarnews\/2019\/09\/03\/un-g-teau-conomique-plus-gros-plus-savoureux-et-plus-quitable-est-possible\/"},"modified":"2022-03-15T13:37:11","modified_gmt":"2022-03-15T17:37:11","slug":"un-g-teau-conomique-plus-gros-plus-savoureux-et-plus-quitable-est-possible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2019\/09\/03\/un-g-teau-conomique-plus-gros-plus-savoureux-et-plus-quitable-est-possible\/","title":{"rendered":"Un \u00ab g\u00e2teau \u00bb \u00e9conomique plus gros, plus savoureux et plus \u00e9quitable est possible"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les codirecteurs du programme Innovation, \u00e9quit\u00e9 et avenir de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 parlent du \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e2teau\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9conomique et de la raison pour laquelle une r\u00e9flexion interdisciplinaire est essentielle pour cr\u00e9er un monde o\u00f9 tous les gens peuvent avoir une plus grosse part.<\/p>\n

Chaque domaine a sa m\u00e9taphore. La physique quantique a son chat qui est \u00e0 la fois vivant et mort, et la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique a son manuel d\u2019instructions compos\u00e9 d\u2019ADN.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9conomie, quant \u00e0 elle, a son g\u00e2teau.<\/p>\n

L\u2019une des pr\u00e9occupations centrales de l\u2019\u00e9conomie traditionnelle est de comprendre si la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 devrait se concentrer sur la \u00ab\u00a0croissance du g\u00e2teau \u00e9conomique\u00a0\u00bb en cr\u00e9ant plus efficacement de nouvelles technologies et produits industriels, ou en veillant \u00e0 la distribution juste et \u00e9quitable du g\u00e2teau. On pr\u00e9sente souvent cette question comme un compromis.<\/p>\n

Selon les codirecteurs du nouveau programme\u00a0Innovation, \u00e9quit\u00e9 et avenir de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0du CIFAR, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un faux choix. Nous pouvons, et devons, trouver des politiques qui atteignent ces deux objectifs.<\/p>\n

La codirectrice Susan Helper<\/a>, ancienne \u00e9conomiste en chef au minist\u00e8re du Commerce des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque de l\u2019administration Obama, professeure d\u2019\u00e9conomie \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Case Western Reserve et \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9conomiste \u00e9trange\u00a0\u00bb autoproclam\u00e9e, croit que le moment est venu de voir les choses autrement. \u00ab\u00a0Selon moi, le mode de cr\u00e9ation du g\u00e2teau influence sa distribution\u00a0\u00bb, dit-elle.<\/p>\n

Selon Dan Breznitz<\/a>, codirecteur du programme Innovation, \u00e9quit\u00e9 et avenir de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 et directeur de l\u2019Innovation Policy Lab<\/em>\u00a0\u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9cole Munk des affaires internationales \u00e0 Toronto, Isra\u00ebl constitue une excellente \u00e9tude de cas pour illustrer la complexit\u00e9 de ces enjeux. Dans les ann\u00e9es\u00a01970, le pays a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 investir dans des industries \u00e0 vocation scientifique pour renverser un ralentissement \u00e9conomique. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cet investissement, quand le pays a connu un afflux tr\u00e8s important d\u2019immigrants hautement scolaris\u00e9s provenant de l\u2019ancienne Union sovi\u00e9tique, il a pu int\u00e9grer les nouveaux arrivants gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des programmes qui encourageaient la participation au secteur de la haute technologie d\u00e9j\u00e0 florissant.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0C\u2019\u00e9tait une r\u00e9ussite\u00a0\u00bb, dit Amos Zehavi<\/a>, professeur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Tel-Aviv et directeur adjoint du programme Innovation, \u00e9quit\u00e9 et avenir de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. \u00ab\u00a0Mais au fil du temps, nous nous sommes rendu compte d\u2019une chose. Non seulement s\u2019agissait-il d\u2019une r\u00e9ussite sur le plan \u00e9conomique, mais aussi sur le plan social. Vers la fin des ann\u00e9es\u00a01990 et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es\u00a02000, cela a vraiment contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la situation des immigrants, de leur famille et de la communaut\u00e9 russe en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral en Isra\u00ebl.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Ce type de r\u00e9flexion, associ\u00e9 \u00e0 des r\u00e9percussions \u00e9conomiques et sociales, m\u00e8ne \u00e0 ce que Zehavi et Breznitz appellent des \u00ab\u00a0politiques d\u2019innovation sensibles \u00e0 la distribution<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb. Ils avancent que ces types de politiques pourraient constituer des outils efficaces pour r\u00e9soudre le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 sociale.<\/p>\n

De plus, Breznitz met en garde que les r\u00e9cits d\u2019innovation provenant d\u2019endroits comme Isra\u00ebl ne sont pas n\u00e9cessairement tout rose.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Isra\u00ebl, \u00e0 la fin de cette croissance incroyable, est pass\u00e9 de la deuxi\u00e8me soci\u00e9t\u00e9 la plus \u00e9galitaire de l\u2019OCDE \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 o\u00f9 un m\u00e9nage sur cinq vit sous le seuil de la pauvret\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il. \u00ab\u00a0Cela refl\u00e8te ce que nous avons observ\u00e9 \u00e0 San Francisco, \u00e0 New York et dans d\u2019autres centres d\u2019innovation.\u00a0\u00bb Bien que de nombreux avantages sociaux et \u00e9conomiques d\u00e9coulent de l\u2019innovation, ceux-ci ne sont pas toujours distribu\u00e9s \u00e9quitablement.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Il est tr\u00e8s clair que les politiques entourant l\u2019innovation influencent sa trajectoire\u00a0\u00bb, dit Breznitz. Mais il pr\u00e9vient qu\u2019il n\u2019existe actuellement aucun moyen efficace de pr\u00e9dire l\u2019impact social complet d\u2019une politique donn\u00e9e. En cons\u00e9quence, il avance que de nombreuses d\u00e9cisions strat\u00e9giques importantes sont prises aveugl\u00e9ment.<\/p>\n

Alors comment prendre des d\u00e9cisions plus \u00e9clair\u00e9es et trouver des moyens pour faire cro\u00eetre le g\u00e2teau \u00e9conomique, tout en veillant \u00e0 ce que tout le monde obtienne sa juste part? Nous devons commencer \u00e0 poser les bonnes questions.<\/p>\n

Il faut d\u2019abord r\u00e9unir des gens aux perspectives diff\u00e9rentes. \u00ab\u00a0Ceux qui participent au processus d\u2019innovation influencent la nature des avantages qui en d\u00e9coulent\u00a0\u00bb, dit Helper. Voil\u00e0 pourquoi le programme compte non seulement des sp\u00e9cialistes de l\u2019innovation et des politologues, comme Breznitz et Zehavi, et des \u00e9conomistes, comme Helper, mais aussi des historiens qui comprennent comment les circonstances \u00e9voluent au fil du temps, ainsi que des ing\u00e9nieurs qui d\u00e9veloppent de nouvelles technologies.<\/p>\n

Les solutions aux grands d\u00e9fis soci\u00e9taux, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse des changements climatiques, de l\u2019antibior\u00e9sistance, de l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 ou de l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9, comporteront des aspects \u00e0 la fois techniques et sociaux. Cons\u00e9quemment, si nous souhaitons un monde o\u00f9 l\u2019innovation m\u00e8ne \u00e0 un plus gros g\u00e2teau \u00e9conomique, nous devons aussi r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont celui-ci sera tranch\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les codirecteurs du programme Innovation, \u00e9quit\u00e9 et avenir de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 parlent du \u00ab g\u00e2teau \u00bb \u00e9conomique et de la raison pour laquelle une r\u00e9flexion interdisciplinaire est essentielle pour cr\u00e9er un monde o\u00f9 tous les gens peuvent avoir une plus grosse part.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":31435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4692,1771,4391,927],"tags":[2548,2549,813,4651],"class_list":["post-21672","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-innovation-equite-et-avenir-de-la-prosperite","category-nouvelles","category-percees","category-recherche","tag-amos-zehavi","tag-dan-breznitz","tag-economie","tag-sue-helper-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCIFAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2019\/09\/03\/un-g-teau-conomique-plus-gros-plus-savoureux-et-plus-quitable-est-possible\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un \u00ab g\u00e2teau \u00bb \u00e9conomique plus gros, plus savoureux et plus \u00e9quitable est possible - 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