{"id":21744,"date":"2018-10-26T19:21:01","date_gmt":"2018-10-26T23:21:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cifar661.wpengine.com\/cifarnews\/2018\/10\/26\/une-plus-grande-concurrence-accroit-la-collaboration\/"},"modified":"2025-12-18T05:32:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T10:32:24","slug":"une-plus-grande-concurrence-accroit-la-collaboration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2018\/10\/26\/une-plus-grande-concurrence-accroit-la-collaboration\/","title":{"rendered":"Une plus grande concurrence accroit la collaboration"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les entreprises qui sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 une concurrence f\u00e9roce d\u2019autres entreprises ont les employ\u00e9s les plus coop\u00e9ratifs.<\/p>\n

Un examen de la liste annuelle des 100\u00a0meilleurs employeurs \u00e9tablie par Forbes Magazine r\u00e9v\u00e8le quelque chose d\u2019int\u00e9ressant\u00a0: pas une entreprise dans les dix premi\u00e8res places ne jouit d\u2019un monopole dans son industrie. En fait, elles font toute concurrence \u00e0 d\u2019autres entreprises \u2013 parfois de nombreuses autres \u2013 qui offrent \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s le m\u00eame service.<\/p>\n

Selon de nouvelles recherches, la concurrence ext\u00e9rieure peut en fait mener \u00e0 un environnement de travail plus sain. En d\u2019autres termes, un environnement o\u00f9 les travailleurs sont plus susceptibles de se faire confiance les uns les autres et de travailler en collaboration.<\/p>\n

Patrick Fran\u00e7ois<\/a>, \u00e9conomiste \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de la Colombie-Britannique, est Boursier principal au sein du programme Institutions, organisations et croissance<\/a>\u00a0du CIFAR. Depuis des ann\u00e9es, il sonde les myst\u00e8res de la confiance en milieu de travail avec deux de ses coll\u00e8gues \u2014 Thomas Fujiwara<\/a>\u00a0(Universit\u00e9 de Princeton), Boursier associ\u00e9 du programme, et Tanguy van Ypersele (Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Aix-Marseille).<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude \u00e9manant de ces travaux, intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0The origins of human prosociality: cultural group selection in the workplace and laboratory\u00a0\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e dans Science Advances, le 19\u00a0septembre.<\/p>\n

La coop\u00e9ration humaine est un myst\u00e8re, dit Fran\u00e7ois, car c\u2019est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne peu pr\u00e9sent dans le r\u00e8gne animal. \u00ab\u00a0Par exemple, il y a un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de prosocialit\u00e9 chez les insectes, mais cela se voit habituellement entre des individus tr\u00e8s \u00e9troitement apparent\u00e9s ou dans des groupes familiaux\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il. \u00ab\u00a0Nous \u00e9largissons nos interactions bien au-del\u00e0 de la parent\u00e9.\u00a0\u00bb Cela n\u2019a rien \u00e0 voir avec la propagation de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce \u2014 \u00ab\u00a0alors on se demande, pourquoi le fait-on?\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont commenc\u00e9 par analyser des tonnes de donn\u00e9es d\u2019enqu\u00eate des \u00c9tats-Unis et d\u2019Allemagne qui ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la concurrence externe favorisait un climat de confiance \u00e0 l\u2019interne. Voil\u00e0 pourquoi des industries pr\u00e9tendument \u00ab\u00a0sans merci\u00a0\u00bb, comme le droit, les finances et les ventes constituent parfois des environnements plus coll\u00e9giaux que, disons, des organismes sans but lucratif qui comptent peu de concurrents. Mais les chercheurs n\u2019ont pas d\u2019explication causale \u00e0 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une rencontre fortuite avec Joseph Henrich<\/a>, Boursier du CIFAR, les chercheurs ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 \u00e9tablir une explication causale. L\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, l\u2019anthropologue de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Harvard a publi\u00e9 The Secret of Our Success<\/a>, un examen novateur de la fa\u00e7on dont les groupes humains, plut\u00f4t que les individus, ont atteint la r\u00e9ussite sur le plan historique en favorisant des comportements mutuellement coop\u00e9ratifs.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Joe r\u00e9alise beaucoup de travaux exp\u00e9rimentaux\u00a0\u00bb, dit Fran\u00e7ois. \u00ab\u00a0Il \u00e9tait dans l\u2019auditoire lors de l\u2019une de nos r\u00e9unions et \u00e0 dit, \u201cPourquoi ne pas faire \u00e7a en laboratoire et voir si vous pouvez reproduire les r\u00e9sultats?\u201d Et c\u2019est ce que nous avons fait.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

En laboratoire, les \u00e9conomistes ont demand\u00e9 \u00e0 des sujets de jouer \u00e0 une version d\u2019un jeu bien connu, le jeu des biens publics, o\u00f9 les joueurs font des contributions volontaires \u00e0 une r\u00e9serve commune d\u2019argent. Des \u00e9tudes ant\u00e9rieures ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que quand les joueurs sont regroup\u00e9s, ils ne se font pas n\u00e9cessairement confiance et, en cons\u00e9quence, ont tendance \u00e0 moins contribuer. Mais quand des groupes ext\u00e9rieurs commencent \u00e0 leur faire concurrence, leur niveau de confiance mutuelle augmente consid\u00e9rablement, tout comme leur contribution. \u00ab\u00a0Ils se disent, il faut se tenir les coudes pour que \u00e7a marche\u00a0\u00bb, dit Fran\u00e7ois.<\/p>\n

La concurrence s\u00e9lectionne la norme qui est coop\u00e9rative\u00a0: plus la concurrence entre les groupes est forte, plus les milieux de travail qui ne poss\u00e8dent pas ces normes collectives auront du mal \u00e0 survivre. Cela provient de notre pass\u00e9 primordial.<\/p>\n

Plus remarquable encore, les participants ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 faire davantage confiance aux autres en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u2013 pas seulement \u00e0 leurs propres coll\u00e8gues. \u00ab\u00a0\u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, nous avons observ\u00e9 une r\u00e9action imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb, dit Fran\u00e7ois. \u00ab\u00a0Et nous avons trouv\u00e9 qu\u2019il \u00e9tait assez \u00e9tonnant de pouvoir reproduire ce comportement apr\u00e8s avoir fait participer des gens dans des groupes comp\u00e9titifs et non comp\u00e9titifs pendant seulement une heure.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Forts d\u2019une explication causale \u00e0 leurs r\u00e9sultats, Fran\u00e7ois et ses coll\u00e8gues ont pu offrir un contre-argument \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre id\u00e9e d\u2019Adam Smith voulant que l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat personnel soit le moteur principal de la r\u00e9ussite \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois dit qu\u2019il existe plut\u00f4t des \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9sultats probants d\u00e9montrant que nous sommes programm\u00e9s pour suivre les normes\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0Nous arrivons facilement \u00e0 comprendre si ce que font ou pensent les autres est correct. La concurrence s\u00e9lectionne la norme qui est coop\u00e9rative\u00a0: plus la concurrence entre les groupes est forte, plus les milieux de travail qui ne poss\u00e8dent pas ces normes collectives auront du mal \u00e0 survivre. Cela provient de notre pass\u00e9 primordial.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9tude appuie fortement l\u2019id\u00e9e que le travail interdisciplinaire m\u00e8ne \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de connaissances de pointe. \u00ab\u00a0Je crois vraiment que cette \u00e9tude n\u2019aurait pas vu le jour sans le CIFAR\u00a0\u00bb, dit Fran\u00e7ois. \u00ab\u00a0Les membres du programme Institutions, organisations et croissance s\u2019int\u00e9ressent non seulement \u00e0 des questions traditionnelles relatives au march\u00e9, mais aussi aux fondements culturels des facteurs qui veillent au maintien de l\u2019ordre social. Le simple fait d\u2019avoir eu acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ces conversations m\u2019a vraiment inspir\u00e9 \u00e0 poursuivre mon travail dans le domaine.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les entreprises qui sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 une concurrence f\u00e9roce d\u2019autres entreprises ont les employ\u00e9s les plus coop\u00e9ratifs. Un examen de la liste annuelle des 100\u00a0meilleurs […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":15321,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1771,927],"tags":[831,1936,2350],"class_list":["post-21744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nouvelles","category-recherche","tag-joseph-henrich-2","tag-patrick-francois","tag-thomas-fujiwara"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCIFAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2018\/10\/26\/une-plus-grande-concurrence-accroit-la-collaboration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une plus grande concurrence accroit la collaboration - CIFAR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les entreprises qui sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 une concurrence f\u00e9roce d\u2019autres entreprises ont les employ\u00e9s les plus coop\u00e9ratifs. 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