{"id":21746,"date":"2018-01-10T13:53:00","date_gmt":"2018-01-10T18:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cifar661.wpengine.com\/cifarnews\/2018\/01\/10\/une-source-de-sursauts-radio-rapides-associee-a-un-environnement-extreme\/"},"modified":"2025-12-18T06:53:56","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T11:53:56","slug":"une-source-de-sursauts-radio-rapides-associee-a-un-environnement-extreme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2018\/01\/10\/une-source-de-sursauts-radio-rapides-associee-a-un-environnement-extreme\/","title":{"rendered":"Une source de sursauts radio rapides associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un environnement \u00ab extr\u00eame \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Des astrophysiciens viennent de d\u00e9couvrir un nouvel indice important sur un environnement d\u2019o\u00f9 proviennent une s\u00e9rie de myst\u00e9rieux signaux radio cosmiques.<\/h3>\n

Une nouvelle \u00e9tude d\u00e9montre que la seule source connue de sursauts radio rapides r\u00e9p\u00e9titifs (fast radio burst, FRB) est un environnement \u00ab extr\u00eame \u00bb qui se trouve parmi les r\u00e9gions les plus magn\u00e9tis\u00e9es de l\u2019espace jamais observ\u00e9es. On a observ\u00e9 un tel environnement uniquement autour de trous noirs massifs, mais il pourrait aussi \u00eatre le r\u00e9sultat de la combinaison d\u2019autres circonstances astrophysiques extr\u00eames. Les nouvelles mesures pourraient offrir des indices importants sur la cause des FRB.<\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s \u00e0 la rencontre d\u2019hiver de l\u2019American Astronomical Society<\/a> \u00e0 Washington, D.C. aujourd\u2019hui et ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s dans la revue Nature<\/a><\/em>. Les recherches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par une initiative scientifique en collaboration, incluant Victoria Kaspi(Universit\u00e9 McGill), boursi\u00e8re de la fondation R. Howard Webster de l\u2019ICRA et Scott Ransom (National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Boursier associ\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00ab J\u2019ai d\u00fb relire mon courriel plusieurs fois afin de bien comprendre. Je n\u2019arr\u00eatais pas de me dire, \u201cNon, c\u2019est impossible, \u00e7a ne se peut pas\u201d \u00bb, a dit Kaspi, directrice du programme Extr\u00eame univers et gravit\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0de l\u2019ICRA.
\nKaspi a dit qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019une importante perc\u00e9e dans notre compr\u00e9hension des sursauts radio rapides. Les FRB ne durent que quelques millisecondes, mais sont plus brillants et plus puissants que tout \u00e9clair radio connut, comme les impulsions de radio-pulsars, une forme d\u2019\u00e9toile \u00e0 neutrons. FRB 121102 est particuli\u00e8rement inhabituel, car il s\u2019agit du seul sursaut r\u00e9p\u00e9titif et le seul FRB dont on a cern\u00e9 l\u2019origine dans le ciel.<\/p>\n

Bien que FRB 121102 se trouve \u00e0 trois milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es-lumi\u00e8re, les chercheurs ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 \u00ab entrapercevoir \u00bb son environnement int\u00e9rieur par l\u2019examen d\u00e9taill\u00e9 de la polarisation de son \u00e9mission radio. Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de la rotation de Faraday d\u00e9crit le comportement de la lumi\u00e8re polaris\u00e9e lors de son parcours \u00e0 travers des substances dans un champ magn\u00e9tique. En mesurant la rotation de Faraday \u00e0 l\u2019aide de donn\u00e9es de l\u2019observatoire d\u2019Arecibo (Porto Rico) et du t\u00e9lescope Green Bank (Virginie occidentale), les scientifiques ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la polarisation de la lumi\u00e8re radio de ce FRB a d\u00fb traverser une zone de champ magn\u00e9tique extr\u00eamement puissant avec une forte densit\u00e9 de plasma.<\/p>\n

Une des hypoth\u00e8ses principales pour expliquer ces observations veut que cet environnement contienne un trou noir qui fait de dix \u00e0 cent millions de fois la taille du Soleil. Le sursaut pourrait provenir d\u2019une \u00e9toile \u00e0 neutrons pr\u00e8s d\u2019un trou noir supermassif qui produit des champs magn\u00e9tiques gigantesques, ou m\u00eame duquel pourraient jaillir des gaz ionisants chauds. Parmi les autres mod\u00e8les possibles, notons une n\u00e9buleuse de vent ultra-magn\u00e9tique, cr\u00e9\u00e9e par des vents \u00e9manant d\u2019un pulsar. De plus, les chercheurs ont propos\u00e9 un environnement avec un vestige de supernova ultra-magn\u00e9tique aliment\u00e9 par une jeune \u00e9toile \u00e0 neutrons.
\nL\u2019un des sursauts radio de FRB 121102, d\u00e9tect\u00e9 par le t\u00e9lescope d\u2019Arecibo et converti en son afin de pouvoir entendre la d\u00e9rive de fr\u00e9quence dans le temps. (Vid\u00e9o : Andrew Seymour (NAIC, Arecibo))<\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous avons trouv\u00e9 quelque chose qui se situe de toute \u00e9vidence dans un endroit extr\u00eame et cet endroit extr\u00eame pourrait \u00eatre \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui constitue l\u2019un des plus grands myst\u00e8res astrophysiques de l\u2019\u00e9poque r\u00e9cente. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Ces nouveaux r\u00e9sultats soul\u00e8vent la question \u00e0 savoir si les sursauts radio rapides pourraient \u00eatre un produit de leur environnement.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Si vous avez un objet extr\u00eame dans un environnement extr\u00eame, s\u2019agit-il simplement d\u2019une co\u00efncidence? Les sursauts radio rapides pr\u00e9sentent ces immenses explosions d\u2019ondes radio et nous ignorons pourquoi cela se produit. Peut-\u00eatre est-ce un indice du m\u00e9canisme qui produit ces explosions \u00bb, a dit Kaspi. Elle souhaite tout particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9changer avec des membres du programme Extr\u00eame univers et gravit\u00e9 qui \u00e9tudient des objets compacts, comme les trous noirs supermassifs, y compris celui dans la galaxie o\u00f9 se trouve la Terre.
\nL\u2019exp\u00e9rience canadienne de cartographie de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment, CHIME) offre une autre fa\u00e7on d\u2019\u00e9tudier les sursauts radio rapides. Cette initiative canadienne compte un certain nombre de chercheurs de l\u2019ICRA et est bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Penticton, en Colombie-Britannique. Con\u00e7ue au d\u00e9part pour des recherches cosmologiques, CHIME a \u00e9t\u00e9 rehauss\u00e9e pour en faire un d\u00e9tecteur de sursauts radio rapides de renomm\u00e9e mondiale. Comme la rotation de Faraday se r\u00e9v\u00e8le un facteur essentiel \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lucidation des sursauts radio rapides, l\u2019\u00e9quipe de CHIME esp\u00e8re recueillir davantage d\u2019information pour mesurer ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n

\n

L\u2019article \u00ab An extreme magneto-ionic environment associated with fast radio burst source FRB 121102<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans Nature<\/em> le 11 janvier.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Des astrophysiciens viennent de d\u00e9couvrir un nouvel indice important sur un environnement d\u2019o\u00f9 proviennent une s\u00e9rie de myst\u00e9rieux signaux radio cosmiques. Une nouvelle \u00e9tude d\u00e9montre […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":28119,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1771,927],"tags":[1867,4539,868],"class_list":["post-21746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nouvelles","category-recherche","tag-chime","tag-sursauts-radio-rapides","tag-victoria-kaspi-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCIFAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cifar.ca\/fr\/cifarnews\/2018\/01\/10\/une-source-de-sursauts-radio-rapides-associee-a-un-environnement-extreme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une source de sursauts radio rapides associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un environnement \u00ab extr\u00eame \u00bb - CIFAR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Des astrophysiciens viennent de d\u00e9couvrir un nouvel indice important sur un environnement d\u2019o\u00f9 proviennent une s\u00e9rie de myst\u00e9rieux signaux radio cosmiques. 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